See -ɬ on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "xnd-pro",
"3": "*-ɬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Na-Dene *-ɬ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"page": "35"
},
"expansion": "Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 35",
"name": "Kari24"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Na-Dene *-ɬ. Related to the *ɬ-classifier (causative prefix) and the postposition *əɬ (“with”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ɬ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "ath-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Athabaskan/-ɬ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 36 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 31 29 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Athabaskan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms instrumental nouns from verbs"
],
"id": "en--ɬ-ath-pro-suffix-sdgYSnjD",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ɬ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ahtna",
"lang_code": "aht",
"word": "-ł"
}
],
"lang": "Northern Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Pacific Coast Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "apa"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "xnd-pro",
"3": "*-ł"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Na-Dene *-ł",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Na-Dene *-ł",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ɬ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "ath-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Athabaskan/-ɬ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 31 29 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Athabaskan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A progressive and future suffix"
],
"id": "en--ɬ-ath-pro-suffix-ath_pro:progressive",
"links": [
[
"progressive",
"progressive#English"
],
[
"future",
"future#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ath-pro:progressive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ɬ"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "taa",
"2": "ath-pro",
"3": "*-ɬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "-ł"
},
"expansion": "Ahtna -ł",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ. Cognate with Ahtna -ł, and related to the ɬ-classifier and the postposition eɬ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "taa",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ɬ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Lower Tanana",
"lang_code": "taa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 36 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 31 29 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "dhu- (“branch, tube”) + -ɬ → -dhuɬ (“windpipe”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "gha (“to carry on the back”) + -ɬ → xaɬ (“backpack, burden”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ghwt (“haul by sled”) + -ɬ → xwtl (“sled”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ta (“to recline”) + -ɬ → taɬ (“mat”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tl'u (“to tie”) + -ɬ → tl'uɬ (“rope”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms instrumental nouns."
],
"id": "en--ɬ-taa-suffix-gZyllJa2",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 36 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 31 29 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 41 21 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Lower Tanana entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "tho (“mouth”) + -ɬ → dhoɬ (“to yawn”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "gha (“to carry on the back”) + -ɬ → ghaɬ (“to bundle up”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tl'u (“to tie”) + -ɬ → tl'uɬ (“to braid”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives verb roots from other roots"
],
"id": "en--ɬ-taa-suffix-DozZIPlZ",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Derives verb roots from other roots"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɬ/"
}
],
"word": "-ɬ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Lower Tanana entries with incorrect language header",
"Lower Tanana lemmas",
"Lower Tanana suffixes",
"Lower Tanana terms derived from Proto-Athabaskan",
"Lower Tanana terms inherited from Proto-Athabaskan",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "taa",
"2": "ath-pro",
"3": "*-ɬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "-ł"
},
"expansion": "Ahtna -ł",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ. Cognate with Ahtna -ł, and related to the ɬ-classifier and the postposition eɬ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "taa",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ɬ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Lower Tanana",
"lang_code": "taa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "dhu- (“branch, tube”) + -ɬ → -dhuɬ (“windpipe”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "gha (“to carry on the back”) + -ɬ → xaɬ (“backpack, burden”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ghwt (“haul by sled”) + -ɬ → xwtl (“sled”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ta (“to recline”) + -ɬ → taɬ (“mat”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tl'u (“to tie”) + -ɬ → tl'uɬ (“rope”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms instrumental nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Lower Tanana terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "tho (“mouth”) + -ɬ → dhoɬ (“to yawn”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "gha (“to carry on the back”) + -ɬ → ghaɬ (“to bundle up”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tl'u (“to tie”) + -ɬ → tl'uɬ (“to braid”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives verb roots from other roots"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Derives verb roots from other roots"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɬ/"
}
],
"word": "-ɬ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Athabaskan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Athabaskan lemmas",
"Proto-Athabaskan suffixes",
"Proto-Athabaskan terms derived from Proto-Na-Dene",
"Proto-Athabaskan terms inherited from Proto-Na-Dene"
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "xnd-pro",
"3": "*-ɬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Na-Dene *-ɬ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"page": "35"
},
"expansion": "Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 35",
"name": "Kari24"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Na-Dene *-ɬ. Related to the *ɬ-classifier (causative prefix) and the postposition *əɬ (“with”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ɬ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "ath-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Athabaskan/-ɬ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms instrumental nouns from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ɬ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Athabaskan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Athabaskan lemmas",
"Proto-Athabaskan suffixes",
"Proto-Athabaskan terms derived from Proto-Na-Dene",
"Proto-Athabaskan terms inherited from Proto-Na-Dene"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ahtna",
"lang_code": "aht",
"word": "-ł"
}
],
"lang": "Northern Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Pacific Coast Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "apa"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "xnd-pro",
"3": "*-ł"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Na-Dene *-ł",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Na-Dene *-ł",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ɬ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "ath-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Athabaskan/-ɬ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A progressive and future suffix"
],
"links": [
[
"progressive",
"progressive#English"
],
[
"future",
"future#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ath-pro:progressive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ɬ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ɬ meaning in All languages combined (4.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.